Caelus Memories Rewind

Attack of the clones could describe Caelus Memories' plug compatible  drive  that was built with the encouragement of IBM by ex-RAMAC employees in San Jose.  The actuator bears a strong resemblance to the RAMAC 305 but with a fixed vertical movement.

A facility was purpose-built in 1967 a close distance from IBM's own San Jose plant.   While Caelus got required licensing, IBM was hit in 1970 by the defection of Gene Amdahl, a company fellow who built a 370 compatible mainframe.

Drive technology changed rapidly as by 1973 the company was competing with Winchester drives and the floppy disk.  Even the Greek god of invention was no match for obsolescence.  The site where the factory once stood is now a medical test lab.

UNIVAC Mirror Memory

Ten years after the invention of thin film memory in 1962, UNIVAC Federal Systems develops a non-volatile. ceramic substrate called Mirror Memory.

Rescued from the the gold scrap pile comes this amazing cache of Mirror Memory produced by bendix corporation for Sperry Univac.  No stranger to voluminous amounts of gold foil, Bendix was chosen by NASA to do the lunar experiments package for the Apollo program.

Stay tuned for the UNIVAC brochure about Mirror Memory in PDF form.  Plus lots more from MN, ERA Research estate.

The World's First App.

Unglamorous, the first desktop app was a product of two universal constants - people want to be paid and eat chicken.  Necessity is the mother hen of invention.

An anonymous technician on an El Dorado, Arkansas chicken farm sends a data cassette from a Datapoint 2200 to Pillsbury headquarters.  On it was not only payroll data but a full blown app written in machine code for the 1201 CPU later renamed 8008 by Intel Corp. 

The first commercial UNIVAC (Serial #8)  had also been used to print employee checks some twenty years earlier in the G.E., Louisville KY, Appliance Park.

The first 2200s were shipped in early 1971, and one of them went to a Pillsbury chicken-processing plant in El Dorado, Arkansas. Poor called a technician there to see how the machine was working out. Since normal telephone lines were not reliable enough for transmitting data, he asked what kind of connection the out-of-the-way plant was using to link its terminal to the mainframe, presumably at corporate headquarters in Minneapolis.

"None," replied the technician. He had read through the terminal's documentation and written a payroll program on the 2200 itself, using machine language. The only mainframe connection was the post office; data was periodically output onto cassettes and mailed to Minnesota. Other buyers were applying the Datapoint to accounting and process control; in fact, few of the machines were being used for the purpose they'd been designed for. Desktop computing had been born - brought into existence by resourceful users, not computer designers or marketers. *

A testament to the quality of early Datapoint documentation.  The company was rigorously documented every feature and flow chart. 

Early microcomputers like the Datapoint 2200 helped Joe and Jane computer user achieve the seemingly impossible just 20 years earlier.  Empower ordinary users to solve difficult problems.


* 1994 Lamont Wood, The Man Who Invented the PC

First PC Video Standard

Microsoft in March, 1987 was very much a work in progress creating a multimedia strategy.   Bill Gates joined in a standing ovation for Art Kaiman and a team from RCA  as they demonstrated the first video standard for PC called Digital Video Interactive at a second annual CD-ROM conference.  The team's demo was on a "full height" CD-ROM, using a 6-MHz Intel 286, IBM AT running MS-DOS.

According to John Dvorak, Gates was annoyed by being frozen out of the release date of the first CDi products.  Kaiman told the press, rather diplomatically,  "I can't say this is a CDi killer."  Eventually, the product Intel called Actionmedia went on to win Best of Show at Comdex 1991 on both Windows and OS/2.

In the 1940's RCA introduced the famous RCA jack as a way of connecting a phonograph to their radios.  In 1942 RCA opened what was to become the RCA Sarnoff Labs named after company and NBC founder David Sarnoff - inventor of color TV, VCR and even the first CMOS CPU, COSMAC for the U.S. Space program.  Kaiman was Director of Digital Products for the lab.

 Kaiman (closest to bottom) before Intel bought DVI and moved the team to the new Princeton Operation.  

 Art Kaiman's contribution lives on in the MMX instruction sets on billions of IA-32 compatible CPU's unofficially named for MultiMedia eXtension, Multiple Math eXtension, or Matrix Math eXtension.

• Mr. Kaiman's diplomas: Rutgers - The State University Newark College of Arts & Sciences, BA, 1963 and Stevens Institute of Technology, Master of Sciences (Mathematics), 1966
• There are 10 artifacts in this collection:  All were acquired as a group from Kaiman's estate.
• • 1. RCA Laboratories Outstanding Achievement Award, 1973, Arthur Kaiman, For contributions to a team effort in the design, development, and application of new commercial minicomputer software, signed Wm Webster, VP, RCA Laboratories.  Plate and RCA badge mounted in a mottled brass frame, 11-5/8" x 11-1/8", custom framed by A Gallery, Salt Lake City, Utah, good condition but the plate is slightly crooked
    2. RCA Laboratories Outstanding Achievement Award, 1974, Arthur Kaiman, For contributions to a team effort in the development of a multiprocessor software system for television broadcast automation, signed Wm Webster, VP, RCA Laboratories.  Plate and RCA badge mounted in a mottled brass frame, 11-5/8" x 11-1/8", custom framed by A Gallery, Salt Lake City, Utah, good condition
    3. RCA Technology Symposium, This certificate is awarded to Arthur Kaiman for planning, organizing and conducting the Computers in Mfg. Symposium.  Signed Wm. J. Underwood, Director, Engineering Professional Programs and H.K. Jenny, Manager, Engineering Information.  Acrylic plaque with black background, 6" x 4-1/2", good condition with light scratches.
    4. RCA Certificate of Appreciation, This certificate is awarded to Arthur Kaiman for the colloquium presentation Manufacturing and Productivity - Do It Right the First Time !!, May 11, 1982, Colloquium Committee, David Sarnoff Research Center.  Acrylic plaque with black background, 5-1/2" x 3-1/2", good condition with light scratches.
    5. Ceramic Coaster: Printed on front is a mock newspaper article with the headline: Intel Corp. Breaks Billion Dollar Barrier (this coaster is in the Computer History Museum - View).  Intel's revenue first passed $1 billion in 1983.  4-1/4" square with cork backing, good condition.
    6. RCA Certificate of Appreciation, This certificate is awarded to Arthur Kaiman for the colloquium presentation Digital Video Interactive Technology, March 31, 1987, Colloquium Committee, David Sarnoff Research Center.  Acrylic plaque with black background, 5-1/2" x 3-1/2", good condition with light scratches.
    7. Intel Corporation's 1989 Microsoft CD-ROM Conference Team Award presented to Art Kaiman.  Intel recognizes your outstanding contribution on the 1989 Microsoft Conference.  It was the most successful ever.  Signed Dave House, Bob Brannon, and Rick Stauffer.  Framed certificate, 11-5/8" x 9-1/8" overall, good condition.
    8. Intel Princeton Operation, Intel A82750PA and Intel A82750DA, PRO 750 ADP i750 F.C.S., July 21, 1989.  2 computer chips suspended in an acrylic block, 5" x 3-1/2" x 1-3/8", light scratches and the left chip is slightly crooked in the block.  This item is pictured in Manifest Technology's DVI Technology Products Intel PRO750 Product Family (1989) online page (view).  This item commemorates the first customer shipment of this product.
    9. Intel PRO DVI Technology, Happy Holidays, 1990.  Clear glass mug, etched, 5-3/4" high, good condition.
    10. Intel AVK, In recognition of your contribution to the development of AVK and the ActionMedia II Products, Art Kaiman.  Clock, black finished brass face with etched to brass numerals, logo, and pictorial representation of the product; separate black finished brass plaque with silver decoration, etched to brass; black felt background, deep brown wood frame, 12" x 18" x 2", missing the minute hand and cap, it also needs cleaning, good otherwise.  This clock commemorates the introduction of AVK and ActionMedia II as part of the DVI project between about 1990 and 1992.  CLICK HERE to see details.
  
  
• DVI team image from Manifest Technology.

 

In the same month as the DVI Demo for Gates, Kaiman gets an award for DVI merit.

 

Stamped signature of Dr. William Webster.  Webster joined RCA in 1946 after getting a degree from Union College, next door to the G.E. Homestead in Schenectady, N.Y.   He went on to be a thorn in his neighbor's side holding patents in television, vacuum tubes, gas tubes, circuitry, and semiconductor devices.

Personally Signed by Mr. "Intel Inside" Dave House.  Rick Stauffer, marketing manager at PRO, was loosing the standards battle to Quicktime and MPEG by 1992.

First i750 chip-sets "W #12".  These packages look empty but the MMX they inspired packs a lasting punch.

Time ticks down for Actionmedia II ostensibly because of high costs for both consuming and producing DVI video .

 

Intel SWAG!

In 1993 the Intel  Princeton Operation (PRO) was finally closed relocating some but ending the role of Art Kaiman .  Although DVI was ultimately not successful it paved the way for other formats like AVI that have made the PC a multimedia powerhouse.

Collector's Insight

IBM PS/2 Ultimedia Model 57 SLC and 77s are based on DVI technology.  These originally included the $2K Actionmedia II board. They can be identified by front audio jacks and an early PS/2 CD-ROM drive.  Also look for DVI and Ultimedia logos.

1-Bit Datapoint Logic Board Revealed

“Faced with the facts that the logic design of the 8008 was made by Datapoint and its initial chip implementation was covered by a Texas Instrument patent application, Intel conferred on 4004 the status of the first microprocessor.”  – Dan Alroy  chairman of the 1975 IEEE conference.


The very first x86, Intel compatible logic board used a Datapoint 1201 chipset not made by Intel.   This is the TTL implementation done for the world’s first microcomputer the Datapoint 2200. It has four early production Intel 3101 memory chips that provide an interconnect for simple shift register memory also supplied by Intel in large quantities.

Recently arrived in the lab is a Datapoint CPU board with 6947 date code on four blue memory slots each flanked by an Intel 3101 static memory chip – Intel’s first product from 1969.   Fleetwood Mac was just climbing the charts when these babies were made.

Datapoint 1-Bit, Intel Compatible, Rev A. Logic Board

In the first year of Intel’s operation memory chips were a priority over microprocessor design.   The 3101 you see in the picture is Intel’s very first product having gotten done eight months after the company’s founding.  Intel then contracted with Computer Terminal Corp. to design a microprocessor called the 1201.

Two ex-NASA engineers at Computer Terminal Corp were fresh off a success with their 3300 terminal and wanted something with an “improved control unit” according to their business plan.

Enter Intel and Texas Instruments pitted in a battle to develop the world’s first 8-bit microprocessor.   Both built the 1201 CPU for the Texans but in one of the biggest business blunders in history CTC did not secure the rights to the CPU for a mere fifty thousand dollars.  They could have easily owned Intel at that point.

Instead the company rushed out our board in the pictures using TTL (transistor to transistor logic).   It was actually quite fast.  But thanks to the design’s inability to access memory directly through the blue “69” slots we have this stunning  gold 3101 four-banger.   The first x86 compatible in history.

Intel sent its main salesperson out into the field in the summer of 1971.  He reported back that there was some tepid interest in the 1201 which Intel renamed 8008 to fit with the entirely incompatible 4004.

Datapoint technology evolved very quickly going through four major archetecture iterations between 1969 and 1974.   3300 base (3360), Datapoint 1 (1-bit Serial), Datapoint 2 (8-bit Parallel) and 5500 (16-bit).  With the exception of 3300, Intel stumbled through these same iterations after a delay in 1976 with i432 (8086 was an emergency replacement).

Intel's CPU voltages continued to be hamstrung by Datapoint's original 15V design creating a major opportunity for ex-Intel designer Faggin to create the Z80, a superior 8-bit design that required only 5V.  Zilog rocketed to the top of the 8-bit heap but was quickly at a dead end with the 16-bit Z8000 introduced in 1979. 

1973 Revisions, 2200 (H) and 5500 (Sample)

The 2200 and 5500 use the same form factor however  the 5500 uses a 16-bit architecture that is  incompatible with Intel 8088.

Victor Poor completed one of the key milestones in computer evolution over Thanksgiving weekend 1969 - 8008 logic on his living room floor!

Datapoint breadboard logic

The 15V leads and proprietary Datapoint connector (3300) tie it to Victor Poor's early R&D department.  The spelling of "Buss" is old school Navy electrical buss not the more modern spelling referring to a modern Data "Bus" although it is impossible to tell which engineer did this unless the handwriting is recognized.

'66 Death Star

During one of the most frigid moments of the Cold War, LBJ authorized a classified $1.5 billion, military orbiting laboratory called Project-MOL.  It could photograph ICBM sites in the Soviet Union at high resolution. Douglas spearheaded intercontinental warfare from space designing a station to conduct planetary warfare on a massive scale.

Previously, only three pieces  of the cancelled project have ever been discovered. The Gemini-B, a highly modified military mock-up using a previously flown capsule and two blue space-suits found in a locked museum room at Kennedy Space Center.

"NEA Reference" marked on back dated 12/66.

Add to the list a fourth, custom modified, ground computer unit used to issue the spacecraft digital commands!  I call it Astro-Ray #1, packed with 56 Astrodata computer boards, and weighing in at over 100 lbs.  It is Raytheon Serial #1. Astro-dated 6/66.

Only 20 years old when the MOL test flight released three satellites and successfully returned to earth,  a moon-sized planet killer called the Death Star was written into George Lucas' first draft of  "Adventures of Luke Starkiller - The Star Wars".  Fox legal had a provision in the contract that Lucas could not use "Luke Starkiller" in any of his own movies.

From Tucker Electronics, I have a seven part installation, operating and parts manual produced by Raytheon for this one-off military system.   It contains a fascinating look at confirmed Project-MOL hardware in practical use.

RAYTHEON Model 15379 Documentation

 NAVSHIPS 0967-277-1010

Transistorized space modem

Dual 10K transmitter version of modified Gemini remote #1 for MOL - added US-Band frequency and lots of redundancy.

Experimental unit combines Astrodata (NASA data acquisition) and Raytheon (Missile type board)

Paper trail for unit is classified in giant weapons contract called N600.  N600 has progress reports on thousands of different parts from Allied to Zinc metallurgy.

Navy radio expert told me just one 10KW transmitter weighed 3 tons.

Astrodata command module remote is modified for Project-MOL on 6/66.   Only white hulled ship in Navy, S.S. LaSalle is retrofitted for special mission in September 1966 in Norfolk. 

Petty Officer 3rd Class on La Salle to photograph mission  identified Astrodata cards and frequency counters as project MOL.  Companion Astrodata countdown box using nixie tubes was also present.

Stay tuned to this blog as I will update it as more information is uncovered.  

Alvy Ray's Pixar Image Computer

Animator and CEO John Lasseter made an amazing dimpled design for the Image Computer that perfectly captures the transformation into Pixar the studio.  Silver diamonds and a flecked Zolatone finish distinguish the remarkable metal bezel. 

According to Alvy Ray Smith, the pioneering Pixar Image Computer had three sugar daddies.   These included George Lucas and Steve Jobs as well as a founding educator in the New York Institute of Technology.  The school was initially housed in a former Long Island garage and chauffeur's quarters.

Smith coined Pixar from a Spanish verb “to make pictures” which Jobs used upon buying the company in 1986 from Star Wars creator George Lucas.    Lucas was in a divorce battle in range of his valuable movie franchise so he readily dropped his price from $100 to $10 million for a quick sale.  Smith and his partner Edwin Catmull had a 5% ownership stake that they sought to protect as Jobs grew increasingly desperate waiting for their breakout hit - Toy Story.

"I have been shameless about stealing great ideas"

Alvy Ray Smith sent me an email clarifying the role of Steve Jobs in the design process.   Jobs insisted on using frog design (small f and d) but didn't fully realize the rack mount nature of the computer as a large 80's video card (16 AMD ALUs in 4 Channels) that required another computer to work.   The first version was like a death star  in design and scope selling  only a  few dozen units.  The second version, called PII, broadened its appeal, landing sales from Disney Studios and even medical imaging contracts.

The Pixar Image Computer was not purple. It was shades of gray. The outer box was dark gray, approaching black. The front of the box was Zolatone, a fleck painting process, with flecks of different shades of gray. The photo is of the product itself, not a prototype.

The role Jobs had in this was that he insisted that we use his favorite design company, Frog Designs, for the design of the box. We went along with the demand. Just part of the care and feeding of sugar daddies, as Ed (Catmull, my partner) and I used to say. Steve was the third of three sugar daddies on the way to Pixar, so we had experience in this arena!

Our engineering/manufacturing guys were furious because the design cost $150,000 as I recall and was a total luxury since nobody would see the box (it was meant to be rack mounted in a back room somewhere). This cost was totally unnecessary in other words, and just further jacked up the cost of an already expensive machine. 

The dimpled square was a John Lasseter design, and so was the font choice for the name, and so were the little diamonds between the letters. So it's not clear what Frog contributed, other than a huge bill. I suppose the suggestion of Zolatone was worth the $150K!? In retrospect it was another Jobism, show not substance, that cost us not him. - Alvy Ray Smith - June 18,2015